The principle of sovereign equality of states stands at the core of the contemporary international legal order. It represents one of the fundamental organizing ideas of the system of states and is expressly affirmed in Article 2(1) of the Charter of the United Nations, which declares that the Organization is founded on the sovereign equality of all its members.

The Assassination of Ali Khamenei presents a precise legal question under public international law: can a sitting head of state lawfully be targeted and killed during an armed conflict? The answer depends neither on political judgment nor on the symbolic weight of the office involved.

The USA-Iran War of 2026 represents one of the most significant interstate confrontations of the contemporary era and a direct test of the legal framework governing the use of force. The conflict began on 28 February 2026 with coordinated military strikes conducted by the United States and Israel against targets within Iranian territory. These operations marked the transition from prolonged geopolitical tension to open armed hostilities between sovereign States.

The Crisis of Multilateralism has become one of the defining structural developments of contemporary international relations. What is at stake is not simply diplomatic friction or temporary institutional dysfunction, but a deeper transformation in how global rules are created, interpreted, and enforced.

The Epstein files raise a precise and technically demanding question under public international law: can the conduct reflected in those materials, if established by reliable evidence, meet the legal threshold of crimes against humanity under Article 7 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC, 1998)?

The question what is diplomacy remains one of the most frequently invoked yet conceptually misunderstood issues in international law and international relations. In professional practice, diplomacy is often reduced to etiquette, negotiation style, or foreign policy rhetoric. In doctrinal and legal terms, such simplifications are inaccurate.

The marine plastic pollution treaty represents the most ambitious attempt to date to regulate plastic pollution at the global level through a legally binding instrument grounded in public international law.

UN Security Council Reform has become one of the most persistent and legally consequential debates in contemporary public international law. At the core of this debate lies the veto power of the permanent members of the Security Council.

The phenomenon commonly described as Climate Refugees has emerged as one of the most pressing yet legally unsettled challenges in contemporary public international law. Climate change is no longer a prospective or abstract risk; it is already shaping patterns of human mobility through sea-level rise, desertification, extreme weather events, and the gradual erosion of livelihoods.

Private international law addresses a structural problem that emerges whenever private legal relationships extend beyond the territorial limits of a single state. Commercial contracts are concluded between parties located in different jurisdictions, tortious conduct produces effects across borders, families and successions span multiple legal systems, and assets are held or transferred internationally.

Gender equality occupies a central position in contemporary international human rights law, not as a rhetorical commitment, but as a binding legal obligation grounded in treaty law, authoritative interpretation, and sustained institutional practice.

International law on the use of cyber espionage has become one of the most complex and contested fields within contemporary public international law. Cyber espionage is now a routine instrument of state practice, carried out on a continuous basis by states against allies, competitors, and neutral actors.

The right to protest in International Law is not formulated as a single, self-contained entitlement within any universal treaty. Instead, it emerges as a legally protected practice through the interplay of multiple rights and obligations that structure the relationships among individuals, collective action, and state authority

The Principle of Good Faith in International Law occupies a foundational yet persistently contested position within the international legal order. It is invoked across treaty law, dispute settlement, negotiations, and State responsibility, but rarely articulated with doctrinal precision.

The Right to Connectivity has emerged as one of the most consequential legal questions confronting contemporary public international law. Digital connectivity is no longer a peripheral social good linked merely to economic development or technological progress. It has become the primary channel through which individuals exercise freedom of expression, participate in public affairs, associate with others, assemble peacefully, and access information held by public authorities.

The Artemis Accords constitute one of the most consequential normative developments in contemporary international space law. Adopted in 2020 and progressively endorsed by a growing group of spacefaring and non-spacefaring states, the Artemis accords set out a framework of principles intended to guide civil exploration and use of the Moon, Mars, comets, and asteroids.