The doctrine of discovery is one of the most consequential legal ideas in the history of colonial international law. It allowed European empires, and later settler states, to convert arrival in Indigenous territories into claims of priority, sovereignty, land control, and political superiority.

Jus cogens is one of the few doctrines in public international law that openly challenges the idea that State consent can validate almost any legal arrangement.

Artificial Intelligence Ethics is now a central phrase in debates about automated decision-making, biometric identification, predictive analytics, generative systems, and autonomous functions.

Subjective and Objective Territorial Jurisdiction addresses a central question in public international law: when is a cross-border event sufficiently connected to a state’s territory to justify the application of that state’s law? The answer turns on a disciplined distinction.