The Treaty of Westphalia is frequently cited as a foundational reference point in the development of public international law, particularly in discussions concerning territorial sovereignty, state autonomy, and the structure of the international system.

The Convention on the Rights of the Child stands as the most comprehensive and widely ratified international treaty dedicated exclusively to the legal protection of children. Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1989 and entering into force in 1990, the Convention transformed children from passive objects of welfare into recognized holders of enforceable rights under international law.

The Kellogg–Briand Pact marked a decisive rupture in the legal treatment of war in international law. Adopted in 1928, the treaty represented the first multilateral and legally binding commitment by states to renounce war as a legitimate instrument of national policy.

The Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty on climate change adopted in 2015 and in force since 2016, negotiated within the institutional framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (UNFCCC, 2015).

The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities represents one of the most consequential normative developments in contemporary international human rights law.

The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights remains one of the most consequential yet persistently misunderstood instruments of international human rights law.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk remains one of the most legally controversial peace agreements in modern international history, not merely because it ended Russia’s participation in the First World War, but because it revealed how fragile international law becomes when state authority disintegrates under revolutionary and military pressure.

The Treaty of Rome marks the legal starting point of Europe’s most ambitious experiment in institutionalized integration: a project that transformed classical intergovernmental cooperation into a durable legal order capable of generating binding rules, common policies, and enforceable obligations across multiple states.

Hague Conventions refer to a series of multilateral treaties negotiated under two distinct international legal frameworks: the Hague Peace Conferences (1899 and 1907) and the Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCCH), established as a permanent body in 1955.

Council of Europe Convention on Artificial Intelligence marks a pivotal legal milestone in the regulation of artificial intelligence within a human rights framework. Adopted in Vilnius on September 5, 2024, and codified as CETS No. 225, this binding international treaty is the first of its kind to establish clear obligations for the design, development, and use of AI systems. It seeks to ensure that AI does not undermine democracy, the rule of law, or fundamental freedoms. Th

The Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of Treaties

The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties is a cornerstone in the architecture of international law, laying the foundation for how treaties are made, interpreted, and applied. Adopted in 1969, this Convention has become an essential framework for nations navigating international agreements, guiding their commitments under international obligations. This article will explore the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, diving into its structure, principles, modern applicat

The United Nations Charter stands as the foundational treaty of the United Nations (UN), embodying the collective aspirations for international peace and cooperation. Adopted on June 26, 1945, and entering into force on October 24, 1945, the Charter is a central element in the framework of international law, encapsulating both the mission and principles of the UN. This article aims to present a comprehensive analysis of the United Nations Charter, its key provisions, and its

The United Nations (UN) stands as a testament to the enduring human quest for peace, cooperation, and progress on a global scale. Since its inception in 1945, the UN has played a pivotal role in shaping international relations and addressing some of humanity's most pressing challenges. Central to the functioning and philosophy of the United Nations is its Charter, a foundational document that outlines the organisation's purposes, principles, and structure. "The Evolution of t

War affects millions of people each year, resulting in unnecessary death and destruction. The Geneva Conventions were created to protect the rights of war victims during armed conflicts. In this article, I intend to provide an overview of the conventions and their key provisions for ensuring safety on battlefields throughout the world. With a deep understanding of international humanitarian law, we can better recognize our shared responsibility for protecting those affected b

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a global document that defines our fundamental freedoms and rights. In this article, we will delve into the history, accomplishments, and impact of this declaration in safeguarding our innate human rights.