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Hague Conventions: Global Legal Frameworks for Peace and Private Law
Hague Conventions refer to a series of multilateral treaties negotiated under two distinct international legal frameworks: the Hague Peace Conferences (1899 and 1907) and the Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCCH), established as a permanent body in 1955.

Edmarverson A. Santos


Global Governance of Artificial Intelligence
Global Governance of Artificial Intelligence has emerged as a critical concern for policymakers, scholars, and civil society alike.

Edmarverson A. Santos


International Law and the Regulation of Outer Space
International law and the regulation of outer space emerged as urgent priorities in the second half of the 20th century, as technological advancements allowed states to transcend the Earth’s atmosphere and place objects into orbit.

Edmarverson A. Santos


International Law and Municipal LawÂ
International Law and Municipal Law represent two distinct yet increasingly interconnected legal systems that govern different spheres of authority.

Edmarverson A. Santos


Territorial Disputes and International Law: Principles, Cases, and Resolutions
Territorial disputes in international law are among the most enduring and complex challenges faced by states.

Edmarverson A. Santos


Evolution of the Law of Armed Conflict
The evolution of the Law of Armed Conflict reflects humanity’s long-standing effort to impose legal and ethical boundaries on the conduct of war.

Edmarverson A. Santos


Legal Boundaries of U.S. Military Strikes on Iran
Legal Boundaries of U.S. Military Strikes on Iran became a central focus of international legal discourse following the unprecedented U.S. aerial operation conducted on June 21–22, 2025.

Edmarverson A. Santos


Autonomous Weapons and International Law
Autonomous weapons and international law are increasingly intersecting as military technology evolves rapidly.

Edmarverson A. Santos


Baltic States and the Ottawa Treaty: Withdrawal Debate
Baltic States and the Ottawa Treaty have become a subject of renewed international attention amid shifting security dynamics in Eastern Europe.

Edmarverson A. Santos


Council of Europe Convention on Artificial Intelligence
Council of Europe Convention on Artificial Intelligence marks a pivotal legal milestone in the regulation of artificial intelligence...

Edmarverson A. Santos


Are Drones Legal in Armed Conflicts?
Are drones legal in armed conflicts? This pressing question lies at the intersection of emerging military technologies and international humanitarian law.

Edmarverson A. Santos


Operation Rising Lion: Legal Challenges and Impacts
Operation Rising Lion marks a significant escalation in Middle Eastern conflict dynamics, initiated by Israel’s airstrikes on Iran in...

Edmarverson A. Santos


How International Law Deals with Stateless Persons
How international law deals with stateless persons is a subject of urgent humanitarian and legal concern.

Edmarverson A. Santos


The Evolution of International Law in Cyberspace
I. Introduction The Evolution of International Law in Cyberspace reflects a growing need to regulate global behavior in an increasingly...

Edmarverson A. Santos


Law and Power in International Society
Introduction Law and power in international society are deeply intertwined, shaping global order, diplomacy, and conflict resolution....

Edmarverson A. Santos


The Struggle for an International Constitutional Order
I. Introduction The struggle for an international constitutional order has been an ongoing challenge in global governance. Unlike...

Edmarverson A. Santos


Religion and International Law: Conflicts and Coexistence
I. Introduction Religion and International Law: An Evolving Relationship Religion and international law have been deeply intertwined...

Edmarverson A. Santos


Latin American International Law: Regionalism to Resistance
I. Introduction Latin American international law has long been a driving force in shaping global legal norms. From the early...

Edmarverson A. Santos


The Nineteenth Century's Impact on Modern International Law
I. Introduction A. Historical Context and Significance The period from the late eighteenth century to the First World War stands as a...

Edmarverson A. Santos


Compliance Challenges in Global Trade Agreements: A Critical Analysis
I. Introduction The landscape of international trade agreements has undergone dramatic transformation since World War II, marked by an...

Edmarverson A. Santos
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