A ceasefire suspends specified hostilities but does not necessarily end an armed conflict or create peace. This article explains how ceasefires are formed, what they regulate, how violations are assessed, and when they can support a political settlement.

The Ceuta migrant crisis raised difficult questions about Spain’s return procedures, access to asylum, collective expulsion, and cooperation with Morocco. It also tested whether Italy could lawfully restore internal-border controls under the Schengen Borders Code.

Israel has approved a limited framework for an international force in Gaza, but the Security Council—not Israel—provides its legal authority. The deployment’s legality depends on Resolution 2803, occupation law, Palestinian consent, command, immunity, and accountability.

An armed attack is more than an unlawful use of force. This article explains the Article 51 threshold, the ICJ’s scale-and-effects test, direct and indirect attacks, non-state actors, cyber operations, repeated incidents, and the legal consequences of classification.