The proposed EU KIDS Act would restrict independent social media accounts for children under 15 and introduce safeguards for minors across digital services. This article explains the age limits, parental controls, privacy protections, AI chatbot rules, and how the proposal would interact with existing EU law.

Territorial waters, formally known as the territorial sea, may extend up to 12 nautical miles from legally determined baselines. Coastal States exercise sovereignty in this zone, but that authority is limited by rules on innocent passage, foreign ships, maritime boundaries, and neighboring zones such as the EEZ.

Innocent passage allows foreign ships to navigate through another State’s territorial sea under UNCLOS. The regime balances coastal-State sovereignty with navigational rights, defining when passage is lawful, when it becomes non-innocent, and what measures coastal States may take.

Who owns Antarctica is a more complex legal question than it first appears. Seven states maintain territorial claims, but the Antarctic Treaty preserves those positions without resolving sovereignty, while regulating science, jurisdiction, environmental protection, and resources.

Piracy under international law is narrowly defined by UNCLOS and does not cover every act of maritime violence. The legal regime turns on Article 101, maritime location, the two-ship requirement, universal jurisdiction, and the distinction between piracy and armed robbery against ships.

UN peacekeeping developed through practice rather than an express Charter provision. Its legal framework draws on Security Council mandates, consent, impartiality, rules on the use of force, status of forces agreements, international humanitarian law, human rights, and the rules governing attribution and responsibility.

International environmental law governs environmental protection, transboundary harm, shared resources, and global environmental risks through treaties, customary international law, and general international law. This article explains prevention, precaution, environmental impact assessment, sustainable development, major treaty regimes, compliance, and State responsibility.

Extradition allows one State to surrender an accused or convicted person to another for prosecution or punishment. Its legality depends on treaties, domestic law, refusal grounds, human rights obligations, and, in some cases, duties to extradite or prosecute.

Diplomatic protection allows a State to invoke another State’s international responsibility for injury suffered by a protected national or legal person. Its operation depends on nationality of claims, exhaustion of local remedies, corporate protection rules, and the relationship between general international law and direct treaty-based remedies.

State succession raises difficult questions about what happens when one State replaces another in responsibility for a territory. This article examines continuity, treaty obligations, property, State debts, nationality, organizational membership, and State responsibility under international law.

State recognition in international law determines how States accept and legally treat contested claims to statehood. This article examines the criteria of statehood, recognition theories, legal effects, non-recognition, withdrawal, UN membership, and cases including Kosovo, Palestine, Taiwan, and Northern Cyprus.

International Criminal Law governs individual criminal responsibility for crimes under international law. This article explains its sources, historical development, core crimes, modes of liability, ICC jurisdiction, immunities, national prosecutions, and the limits of international criminal justice.

The Principle of Non-Intervention in International Law protects States against coercive interference in matters they are legally entitled to decide freely. This article examines its customary basis, the coercion test, leading ICJ cases, economic pressure, elections, and cyber operations.

The exclusive economic zone gives coastal states extensive rights over natural resources and specified activities without extending territorial sovereignty to 200 nautical miles. This article explains EEZ rights under UNCLOS, fisheries jurisdiction, navigation, offshore resources, islands, and maritime delimitation.

The law of the sea regulates how states use, control, and share the oceans. This article explains UNCLOS, maritime zones, navigation rights, the exclusive economic zone, continental shelf, high seas, resource rights, and the settlement of maritime disputes.

A ceasefire suspends specified hostilities but does not necessarily end an armed conflict or create peace. This article explains how ceasefires are formed, what they regulate, how violations are assessed, and when they can support a political settlement.

An armed attack is more than an unlawful use of force. This article explains the Article 51 threshold, the ICJ’s scale-and-effects test, direct and indirect attacks, non-state actors, cyber operations, repeated incidents, and the legal consequences of classification.

Article 2(4) of the UN Charter establishes the general prohibition on interstate threats and uses of armed force. This article explains its historical development, legal scope, relationship with self-defense and Security Council authority, contested exceptions, and the consequences of an unlawful use of force.

Monism and dualism offer competing explanations of how international law operates within domestic legal systems. This article examines reception, constitutional rank, direct effect, customary international law, individual rights, and comparative state practice.

War crimes are serious violations of international humanitarian law, the body of rules governing armed conflict, for which individuals can be prosecuted and punished (ICRC, 2005).