Hague Conventions refer to a series of multilateral treaties negotiated under two distinct international legal frameworks: the Hague Peace Conferences (1899 and 1907) and the Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCCH), established as a permanent body in 1955.

Global Governance of Artificial Intelligence has emerged as a critical concern for policymakers, scholars, and civil society alike.

International law and the regulation of outer space emerged as urgent priorities in the second half of the 20th century, as technological advancements allowed states to transcend the Earth’s atmosphere and place objects into orbit.

Human Rights and the Global Digital Surveillance Infrastructure have emerged as a defining concern in the digital age.

The Evolution of Universal Jurisdiction in Human Rights Enforcement reflects a gradual transformation in how states and international institutions respond to grave crimes that shock the conscience of humanity.

International Law and Municipal Law represent two distinct yet increasingly interconnected legal systems that govern different spheres of authority.

Territorial disputes in international law are among the most enduring and complex challenges faced by states.

The evolution of the Law of Armed Conflict reflects humanity’s long-standing effort to impose legal and ethical boundaries on the conduct of war.

Strait of Hormuz tensions have re-emerged as a central concern in global security and energy discourse, particularly following renewed hostilities between the United States and Iran in June 2025.