Edmarverson A. Santos

The Russia sanctions bill would give President Trump new authority to impose tariffs of up to 100% on qualifying countries linked to Russian energy purchases or sanctions evasion. India and China could be exposed, but any tariffs would still face separate legal scrutiny under GATT Articles I, II, and XXI.

The New Delhi Declaration is politically significant, but does it create binding international obligations? This article examines its status under treaty law, its possible influence on customary international law, and its legal relevance to sanctions, conflict, and UN Security Council reform.

The UK-France one in one out policy is due to expire on 1 October 2026 unless both governments agree to extend it. This article examines how the scheme works, why France wants a broader European framework, and what refugee, human-rights, and trafficking obligations would continue if the deal ends.

The September 11 attacks transformed airport security far beyond U.S. checkpoints. They reshaped federal aviation security, strengthened ICAO standards, and created a more systematic international framework for supervising how states protect civil aviation.

Twenty-five years after September 11, its legal legacy remains uneven. 9/11 reshaped counterterrorism obligations, self-defense against non-state actors, NATO practice, armed-conflict classification, and detention law, while leaving core protections such as the prohibition of torture intact.

The Houthi capture of Mocha moves the group closer to Bab el-Mandeb and may expand its ability to pressure Red Sea shipping. International law, however, does not transfer Yemen’s sovereignty or give the Houthis coastal-State authority over transit passage.

Piracy under international law is narrowly defined by UNCLOS and does not cover every act of maritime violence. The legal regime turns on Article 101, maritime location, the two-ship requirement, universal jurisdiction, and the distinction between piracy and armed robbery against ships.

Israel’s order closing the British Consulate General in East Jerusalem presents an unusual international-law problem. The dispute tests the limits of consular consent, Israel’s authority as occupying power, the legal status of Jerusalem’s historic consulates, and the distinction between lawful retorsion and prohibited interference with protected consular interests.

The United States has escalated its Section 338 measures against Canada from 50 percent tariffs to outright import prohibitions on selected Canadian goods. The legal dispute now turns on WTO rules governing import bans, USMCA Article 2.11, agricultural market-access obligations, and the limits of unilateral trade retaliation.