Brazil’s 1988 Constitution gives international treaties different legal status depending on their subject and approval process. This article examines treaty incorporation, the STF’s supralegal doctrine, Constitutional Amendment No. 45, and Brazil’s relationships with the International Court of Justice, International Criminal Court, and Inter-American Court of Human Rights.

Command responsibility establishes when military commanders and other superiors may be held criminally liable for crimes committed by subordinates. This article examines effective control, knowledge requirements, failures to prevent or punish crimes, ICC Article 28, and the landmark Čelebići and Bemba judgments.

Collective security under the UN Charter enables the Security Council to address threats to international peace through sanctions and military enforcement. This article examines the legal foundations of Chapter VII, the historical experiences of Korea, Kuwait, and Libya, and the limitations imposed by the veto, political disagreements, and dependence on member states.