Law students

Examination candidates

Beginners in human rights law

Intermediate learners

Legal and policy professionals

International relations students

Foundations and history of international human rights law

Sources, treaty interpretation, custom, jus cogens and soft law

State obligations, due diligence and State responsibility

Jurisdiction and extraterritorial application

Limitations, derogations and reservations

Equality and non-discrimination

The core United Nations human rights treaties

UN treaty bodies and Charter-based mechanisms

The European, Inter-American and African human rights systems

Civil and political rights

Economic, social and cultural rights

Protection of women, children, persons with disabilities, migrants and Indigenous peoples

Enforced disappearance, trafficking and statelessness

Remedies, enforcement and international accountability

Human rights in armed conflict, refugee law and international criminal law

Business and human rights

Digital surveillance, artificial intelligence and climate change

Leading cases, legal tests, revision points, glossary and recommended reading