Can artificial intelligence become a legal person? Courts have rejected AI inventorship and authorship under specific laws, but those decisions do not settle every form of legal personality. This article examines whether AI could hold rights, bear enforceable duties, or incur liability—and whether existing legal mechanisms can address these questions without creating a new legal person.

Digital rights are existing human rights applied to digital technologies and online environments. This article explains their basis in international human rights law, including privacy, freedom of expression, internet access, data protection, surveillance, internet shutdowns, platform responsibility, and the limits of current legal protection.

The EU AI Act establishes a risk-based framework for artificial intelligence across the European Union. This article explains its scope, prohibited and high-risk systems, general-purpose AI rules, enforcement, penalties, revised implementation timetable, and growing global influence.

International human rights law does not prohibit all online hate speech. It requires states to prohibit defined forms of incitement, permits further restrictions under strict legal conditions, and protects expression that falls below those thresholds. This article examines treaty duties, regional case law, platform responsibility, automated moderation, intermediary liability, and proportionate remedies.

Content moderation is no longer a narrow platform-policy issue. It has become a system of private governance over online speech, visibility, safety, and participation. This article explains how human rights law can discipline both state pressure and corporate power without turning platforms into speech police or leaving users exposed to organized abuse.

Digital platforms no longer act as passive intermediaries. Their rules, algorithms, advertising systems, and enforcement choices shape expression, privacy, equality, political participation, and access to information. This article analyses how Human Rights Law applies to platform power, state duties, corporate responsibility, due process, and the structural risks built into digital governance.

Artificial Intelligence Ethics is now a central phrase in debates about automated decision-making, biometric identification, predictive analytics, generative systems, and autonomous functions.

Cross-Border Data Flows are now a structural feature of economic life, public administration, and social interaction. Data moves across borders when businesses process payroll in foreign cloud environments, when banks clear international payments, when hospitals rely on remote data storage, when social media platforms route user content through distributed server networks, and when law-enforcement authorities seek electronic evidence held abroad.

International law on the use of cyber espionage has become one of the most complex and contested fields within contemporary public international law. Cyber espionage is now a routine instrument of state practice, carried out on a continuous basis by states against allies, competitors, and neutral actors.

The Right to Connectivity has emerged as one of the most consequential legal questions confronting contemporary public international law. Digital connectivity is no longer a peripheral social good linked merely to economic development or technological progress. It has become the primary channel through which individuals exercise freedom of expression, participate in public affairs, associate with others, assemble peacefully, and access information held by public authorities.

Global Governance of Artificial Intelligence has emerged as a critical concern for policymakers, scholars, and civil society alike.

Council of Europe Convention on Artificial Intelligence marks a pivotal legal milestone in the regulation of artificial intelligence within a human rights framework. Adopted in Vilnius on September 5, 2024, and codified as CETS No. 225, this binding international treaty is the first of its kind to establish clear obligations for the design, development, and use of AI systems. It seeks to ensure that AI does not undermine democracy, the rule of law, or fundamental freedoms. Th

I. Introduction The Evolution of International Law in Cyberspace reflects a growing need to regulate global behavior in an increasingly digital world. As cyber operations escalate in frequency, scale, and geopolitical impact, states and institutions are under pressure to define legal boundaries that govern actions in this domain. The rise of state-sponsored cyber attacks, disinformation campaigns, and digital espionage has prompted international legal scholars, governments, a